Chapter 1             Part C

                                   

         In 1543, Copernicus proposed a model of our universe in which the Earth was not at the center, while the rest of the heavenly bodies like the sun, the moon, the planets, and the stars revolved around it. In his model, the sun was at the center of our solar system, and the Earth was just one more planet – along with Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn – revolving around the sun. His idea was, supposedly, only proposed for discussion purposes - an engaging, entertaining mental exercise, nothing more - so he was not attacked by the religious leaders of his time. But in the 1600’s, Galileo and, later, Newton took up and refined the Copernican model. They discovered a set of natural laws that described both events in the cosmos and events on the earth in subtle mathematical formulae that gave precise predictions about phenomena like falling objects, fired cannonballs, eclipses, comets, and planetary orbits – phenomena that had previously been given only inaccurate, conceptually messy, ad hoc explanations. 

         Today, Galileo and Newton’s picture of the solar system and how it works seems intuitive and obvious to most people. But Galileo in his time was seen by religious leaders as a demon. The Bible said God had made man as His special darling creation. The Earth had been created, along with all of its life forms, as a special home for us. The Earth had to be the center of the universe. Ptolemy also had said so, over a thousand years before, and his model of the cosmos fit neatly together with the teachings of the Church. Besides, the sun, the moon and the stars moved across the sky from east to west. These things would not be if the Earth were not the center. What fool could question these obvious truths?

         Galileo did and almost paid with his life. He was forced to recant under the threat of horrible torture. Galileo had begun his higher education studying medicine. He knew what they could make him say once they began to apply their racks and thumbscrews. With his telescope to back him up, he tried very hard to persuade the pope and his agents that the evidence proved the Copernican model was correct. They weren’t interested. In fact, they got angrier. So he signed where they told him to sign. But according to one version of his story, as he left the building, he pointed up at the moon and said: “It still moves.”

         That statement deeply reveals the way of thinking on which it is predicated. It could stand as a statement of the fundamental belief of Science. Material reality is what it is. Our role is to learn about it by observing it, formulating theories about it, and doing experiments to test those theories. We can’t impose our views on reality. If one of our theories goes against what has long been society’s received wisdom on any subject, this contradiction, for scientists, means nothing. What matters is whether it fits the evidence.

         Aristotle and the authors of the Bible and even last year’s scientific theories have no more of a monopoly on truth than any one of us. Most crucially, we can always go back to physical reality and test again. Let reality be the arbiter. That is the method and belief system that scientists are committed to. (The Catholic Church pardoned Galileo in 1992, nearly 360 years after his “offense”. The Copernican model of the solar system, the one that Galileo championed, has been generally accepted as the correct model since about 1700.)